Pigmentation, as an unresolved issue

Effect on melanogenesis

The expressiveness and activity of pigmentation in the skin depends on many factors.

• Genetic predisposition. The number of melanocytes, the type of synthesized melanin (eumelanin or pheomelanin), as well as the uniformity of pigment distribution are genetically determined and determine the individual phototype of human skin
• Hormonal status. Thyroxine and thyronine, ACTH, estrogens, melanostimulating hormone (synthesized directly by the keratinocytes of the epidermis under the influence of UV radiation, other damages, neuropeptides, etc.) are most important for melanogenesis.
• The intensity of ultraviolet radiation. Infrared and X-ray radiation can also initiate pigmentation.
• Mediator of inflammation.
• The use of photosensitizers is also often the main cause of hyperpigmentation.
• Vitamins and trace elements. Vitamins B1, B2, C, pantothenic acid, copper, iron, zinc play an important role in the synthesis of melanin.

 

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Hypo- and hyperpigmentation

The pathology of melanogenesis can be associated with the activation of the functional activity of melanocytes and the accumulation of pigment (hyperpigmentation of the skin) (Table 1), and with the suppression, and in some cases even the death of pigment cells, which leads to the formation of foci of hypo- and depigment.

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